Consolidation

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Global Grade

Revision mode

Define the following terms:

• Ancien Régime

• Enlightenment

• Popular sovereignty

• Physiocracy

• Mercantilism

• Estates system

• Enlightened despotism

• Rationalism

• Empiricism

• Rococo

Order these events in chronological order.

Complete the table comparing the Ancien Régime and the Enlightenment.

	Ancient Regime	Enlightenment
Chronology
Political system
Monarchs
Economy
Society

Make an outline summary of the political, economic and social reforms introduced by the Spanish Bourbons.

(0 words)

Write an essay comparing society in the 17th and 18th centuries. Give examples of the changes that each social group experienced.

(0 words)

Look at the map and answer the questions.

a) Why did international trade increase from the 17th century onwards?

b) Which continents were involved in the triangular trade?

c) Which products did Europe import from America?

d) Which products did Europe import from Africa?

Read the texts and answer the questions.

Of all the monarchies, the best is the hereditary one, especially when the succession is from male to male and from first-born son to first-born son. This kind of monarchy is the one God established in his land. […]

God established the kings as his ministers and it is through them that he reigns over his lands. […]

God is pure holiness, pure goodness, absolute power and always right. It is in these things that the grace of God resides. And in the image of these things resides the grace of the prince.

J. B. Bossuet
Politics derived from Holy Scripture (1709)

In each estate, there are three kinds of power: [...] In the first one, the prince or magistrate makes the laws for a certain amount of time or forever and corrects or abolishes the ones already made. The second power makes peace or war, sends or receives ambassadors, establishes public safety and prevents invasions; and the third one punishes crimes and decides disputes among private citizens [...]

When the powers [...] are concentrated in the same person [...], then there is no freedom.

Montesquieu
The spirit of the laws (1748)

a) Which historical period does each text belong to?

b) What type of government does each text advocate?

c) Where does the power reside in each case?

d) Which author was an enlightened thinker?

e) Which type of government does Spain have now?

Rank these scientific discoveries from the most to least important in terms of improving people’s quality of life. Explain your answers.

• The first mechanical calculator
• The mercury thermometer with degrees Celsius
• The lightning conductor
• The measurement of blood pressure
• The smallpox vaccination

		Scientific discovery		Explanation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Match each person to a description.

Jovellanos
Adam Smith
Felipe V
Fragonard
Diderot
Frederick II

Rococo painter
Theorist of economic liberalism
First Spanish Bourbon king
Spanish Enlightenment thinker
Enlightened despot
Author of The encyclopedia

Look at the photos and explain:

IMAGE 1			IMAGE 2
Blind-man’s bluff (Jean Honoré Fragonard, 1769)			Ecstasy of St Teresa (Gian Lorenzo Bernini, 1647–1652)

	Blind-man’s bluff	Ecstasy of St Teresa
• Type of art work
• Artistic style and time period
• Social group identified
• Characteristics of the style

,
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