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  • Libro digital > 1. Living beings
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      Libro digital
      1. Living beings
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      The cells

      P

      All living beings have two characteristics in common: they are made of cells and they carry out three vital functions.

      Cells are microscopic units, which have got different shapes and sizes. All cells have three parts:

      • The cell membrane surrounds the cell. It protects it and keeps the cytoplasm and the other contents of the cell inside.
      • The cytoplasm is a thick liquid found inside the cell membrane. It is home to different organelles, which are the parts of the cell that produce substances and obtain energy, etc.
      • The genetic material controls the cell's activity.
      • Most living beings have eukaryotic cells (their genetic material is inside an organelle called a nucleus).
      • Bacteria have prokaryotic cells with no nucleus. Their genetic material is in the cytoplasm.

      Cells and organisation

      Unicellular organisms are made up of only one cell. Some of them can group together into colonies but they are not organised or coordinated. Bacteria are unicellular organisms.

      Multicellular organisms are made up of a lot of different cells and they are all different shapes and sizes. Each cell has got a special function. The cells are organised and they work together as a team.

      Plants and animals are multicellular organisms.
      In many multicellular organisms, the cells are organised into tissues, organs and systems.

      • Tissues are groups of cells specialised in doing a specific activity. For example, muscle cells form muscle tissue.
      • Organs are made up of different tissues. The heart is an organ, made of muscular tissue as well as other different tissues. The heart pumps blood.
      • Systems are made up of different organs that work together to complete a function. The circulatory system, for example, distributes nutrients and carries waste. It contains different types of organs, one of which is the heart.

      1. Copy and complete the sentences with the correct word.

      1 The surrounds and protects the cell.

      2 The  is the control centre of a eukaryotic cell.

      3  is thick liquid inside the cell membrane.

      4 The  perform essential tasks.

      1. What has a eukaryotic cell got that a prokaryotic cell hasn't got?

      1. Copy and complete the sentences with the correct word from the box.

      cells  multicellular  organ  sizes  system  tissues

      1 Cells come in different shapes and .

      2 Living beings are made up of .

      3 Living beings can be unicellular or .

      4 Some cells group together to form .

      5 An … is made up of various tissues.

      6 A … is made up of various organs.

      The vital functions
      Libro digital
      1. Living beings
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      The vital functions

      P

      All living beings carry out three vital functions: nutrition, interaction and reproduction.

      The nutrition function is the process in which living beings obtain oxygen and the nutrients they need, use substances in their bodies and eliminate waste.

      Living beings obtain nutrients in two main ways:

      • Heterotrophic nutrition. Living beings, like animals, obtain nutrients by feeding on other living beings or their remains.
      • Autotrophic nutrition. Living beings, like plants, produce their nutrients from water and carbon dioxide.

      The interaction function. Through the interaction function, living beings react to changes in their environment.

      • Living beings like animals have sense organs like eyes to detect changes and react to them.
      • Living beings like plants haven´t got sense organs. They react to changes by growing or modifying their bodies.

      The reproduction function allows living beings to produce offspring.

      • Asexual. Living beings produce new individuals from parts of their body.
      • Sexual. Two different types of individuals are needed: a male and a female. Each one has different reproductive cells, called gametes. They join together to produce offspring.

      1. Complete the sentences:

      1 A cow eating grass is an example of nutrition.

      2 A sunflower using nutrients from water and carbon dioxide in the air is an example of nutrition.

      1. How do plants react to changes?

      1. What type of reproduction do humans carry out?

      The cells
      The classification of living beings
      Libro digital
      1. Living beings
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      The classification of living beings

      P

      Scientists classify all living beings into five large groups called kingdoms based on their cell type and how the cells are organised. These kingdoms are: Monera, Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.

      Monera

      • They are unicellular organisms. Their cells are prokaryotic (they haven't got a nucleus).
      • Monera includes organisms that exhibit heterotrophic and autotrophic nutrition.
      • Bacteria belong to the Monera Kingdom.

      Protoctista

      • These organisms can be unicellular (protozoa, microscopic algae...) or multicellular (large algae like seaweed).
      • Their cells are eukaryotic (they have got a nucleus).
      • Protozoa exhibit heterotrophic nutrition, algae exhibit autotrophic nutrition.

      We need a powerfull

      microscope to see bacteria.

      We need a microscope to see

      unicellular protoctista.

      Seaweed is multicellular

      protoctista.

      Fungi

      • These organisms may be unicellular (yeast) or multicellular (moulds and mushrooms). Fungi cells do not form tissues.
      • Their cells are eukaryotic. Their cell membrane has got a cell wall.
      • They exhibit heterotrophic nutrition. They obtain nutrients from the remains of plants and animals.

      Plantae

      • These organisms are multicellular. They have got eukaryotic cells the membranes of which are surrounded by a rigid cell wall (different from the one found in fungi cells).
      • Their cells form tissues.
      • They exhibit autotrophic nutrition.
      • Trees, bushes and grasses are plants.

      Animalia

      • These organisms are multicellular. Their cells form tissues.
      • Their cells are eukaryotic but they haven't got a cell wall.
      • They exhibit heterotrophic nutrition.
      • Humans and fish are examples.

      1. Which two main things do scientists base the classification of living beings on?

      1. Explain the difference between the cells of an organism from the Monera and Protoctista Kingdom.

      1. Look at the organism in the picture.

      a) Describe its cell structure.

      b) Try to classify it.

      c) Do you think it can move?

      1. Imagine you are a scientist who has discovered two new living organisms. One belongs to the Monera Kingdom and one to the Protoctista Kingdom. Draw and describe them.

      1. Which kingdom do these living organisms belong to?

      1 I am multicellular. My cells have got a cell wall and always form tissues. I exhibit autotrophic nutrition.

      2 I am multicellular. My cells haven't got a cell wall and form tissues. I exhibit heterotrophic nutrition.

      3 I can be unicellular or multicellular. I exhibit heterotrophic nutrition.

      1. Work in small groups. Can you think of three uses of yeast, moulds and mushrooms?

      The vital functions
      Animal kingdoms and species
      Libro digital
      1. Living beings
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      Animal kingdoms and species

      P

      Scientists classify living organisms into kingdoms and then into smaller groups. Let's look at how the Iberian lynx is classified.

       

      The classification of living beings
      Naming species
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      1. Living beings
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      Naming species

      P

      Scientists use an international system to name animals called binomial nomenclature. This system was thought up by a Swedish naturalist called Carl Linnaeus in the 18th century. Each species has got a scientific name made up of two words in Latin or Ancient Greek. For example, the ‘Iberian lynx' is called Lynx pardinus. The first word comes from the genus and the second word from the species.

      Species: Antennarius striatus.

      Description: Very strange and poisonous fish.

      Habitat: Coral and rocky reefs in tropical seas.

      1. Imagine and draw a new species! Give your new species funny common and scientific names.

      Animal kingdoms and species
      Apply your skills!
      Libro digital
      1. Living beings
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      Apply your skills!

      P

      Project 1: Living beings

      Choose one of your favourite living beings and investigate it.

      Find out:

      • Which of the five kingdoms it belongs to.
      • What species it is and its scientific name.
      • How it performs the three vital functions of nutrition, reproduction and interaction.
      • Additional information, such as size and weight and how large the population is.
      • Is it in danger of extinction?

      With the information that you find, design a colourful 4-6 page booklet sharing your knowledge. Include your own drawings and diagrams or printed pictures. Use a variety of different sources to look for information.

      Project 2: Cells

      Cells come in all different shapes and sizes. You are going to make a 3D model of a eukaryotic cell using modelling clay.

      Steps:

      Step 1: Imagine that the cell is cut in half and you can see the inside of it. This is called a ‘cross section.' Mould the clay into the shape of the cell.

      Step 2: Mould different colour clay to represent the different components of the cell.

      Step 3: Place the different components of the cell where they need to go.

      Step 4: Use toothpicks and strips of paper to make mini flags. Write the names of the parts of the cell on the paper and attach them to the toothpicks. Stick the toothpicks into the clay.

      A model of a eukaryotic cell.

      Naming species
      Check what you know!
      Libro digital
      1. Living beings
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      Check what you know!

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      1. Copy and complete the following sentences.

       

      1 All living organisms are made up of

      2 There are two different types of cells: the cell and the cell.

        prokaryotic cells eukaryotic

        3 attempts
      Done
      Apply your skills!
      Check what you know!
      Libro digital
      1. Living beings
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      Check what you know!

      0

      1. Match th letters with the parts of the cell

      • A

      • B

      • C

      • D

      • E

      • Nuclear membrane

      • Nucleolus

      • Membrane

      • Golgi aparatus

      • Cytoplasm

      t7-multimedia

      Done
      Check what you know!
      Check what you know!
      Libro digital
      1. Living beings
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      Check what you know!

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      1. Complete the sentence using the words in the box.

      tissues        organs      systems       cells

      Living organisms are formed by organised into like muscle cells, formed by different tissues, and like the circulatory system.

        cells tissues organs systems

        3 attempts
      Done
      Check what you know!
      Check what you know!
      Libro digital
      1. Living beings
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      Check what you know!

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      1. Put the following classification groups of living organisms into their correct order.

      • 1. Kingdom

      • 2. Genus

      • 3. Phylum

      • 4. Family

      • 5. Species

      • 6. Class

      • 7. Order

        3 attempts
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      Check what you know!
      Check what you know!
      Libro digital
      1. Living beings
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      Check what you know!

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      1. Plants are living organisms and they exhibit ...

      • 1 Autotrophic nutrition.

      • Correct answer
        Wrong answer

      • 2 Hetero trophic nutrition.

      • Correct answer
        Wrong answer

        3 attempts
      Done
      Check what you know!
      • I. Introducción
      • 1. The vital functions
      • 2. The classification of living beings
      • 3. Animal kingdoms and species
      • 4. Naming species
      • 5. Apply your skills!
      • 6. Check what you know!
      • 7. Check what you know!
      • 8. Check what you know!
      • 9. Check what you know!
      • 10. Check what you know!
      1. I
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