Important
At the beginning of the 18th century, European economies had the same characteristics as in the earlier phases of the Ancien Régime. However, the reforms introduced by enlightened monarchs led to important changes in all sectors of the economy.
Economic reforms in Spain
The Spanish economy experienced growth in the 18th century as a result of reforms introduced by Felipe V, Fernando VI and Carlos III. The sociedades económicas de amigos del país also played an important role, carrying out scientific, economic and technical studies, and then publishing the results.
Some of the most important reforms were in:
 Porcelain vase and cooler
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 Crystal vase
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THE TRIANGULAR TRADE 
During the 18th century, the Atlantic Ocean consolidated its position as the world's most important trading zone. The triangular trade routes between Europe, Africa and America were controlled by the British. Trade routes in the Indian Ocean were controlled by Great Britain, France and the United Provinces. The Dutch and British drove the French out of India in 1763. In the following century India would become one of the British Empire's most valuable possessions. This European expansion of global trade was carried out through private companies, such as the British East India Company. The crown granted these companies monopolies, which gave them exclusive control over trade in a particular area.  British East India Company ships: founded in 1600, this company came to possess a true monopoly over trade in the Indian subcontinent from the mid-18th century onwards.
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Activity 34
Remember
Activity 35
What new forms of craft production emerged in the 18th century? What were their characteristics?
Activity 36
Understand
Activity 37
Look at the map.
Activity 38
Apply
Activity 39
Create